Cracking the Zika Code: Symptoms, Causes & Simple Ways to Prevent It

In recent years, the Zika virus has become a major global health issue, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. While many viruses cause fever and discomfort, the Zika virus has drawn particular attention due to its potential impact on pregnant women and newborns. But what exactly is the Zika virus, and how does it spread? This detailed guide will cover all essential information about the Zika virus, including its definition, symptoms, causes, possible treatments, and, crucially, preventive measures you can take.

According to the World Health Organization, ZIKV disease cases were reported in 2018 in the Indian states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan but there have been no reports of microcephaly linked to ZIKV.

Zika is a mosquito-borne virus that was initially identified in monkeys in the Zika Forest of Uganda in 1947. It later spread to humans and has since become a health concern in various parts of the world. The virus is transmitted when an infected Aedes mosquito bites someone. This mosquito species is also responsible for spreading dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever.

For many people, a Zika virus infection might go unnoticed. In certain situations, especially during pregnancy, the virus can result in serious issues, including congenital defects such as microcephaly in infants. The transmission of the Zika virus can also occur through blood transfusions, sexual interactions, and from an expectant mother to her child.

Understanding the symptoms of the Zika virus is crucial for early detection and treatment. Many people who become infected with the Zika virus will not experience symptoms, or the symptoms may be so mild that they are mistaken for a minor illness. When symptoms do appear, they typically last for 2-7 days and include:

1. Fever: Mild fever is one of the most common symptoms of Zika virus infection.
2. Rash: A red, itchy rash may appear, usually starting on the face and spreading to other parts of the body.
3. Joint pain (arthralgia): Pain in the joints, particularly in the hands and feet, is often experienced by those infected.
4. Headache: Mild to moderate headaches are a common symptom.
5. Muscle pain (myalgia): Generalised muscle aches and discomfort are frequently reported.
6. Conjunctivitis (red eyes): Many patients experience redness or irritation in the eyes, often resembling pink eye.
7. Fatigue: A feeling of exhaustion and lack of energy can accompany the infection.

These symptoms usually appear within 3 to 14 days of being bitten by an infected mosquito. Although these symptoms are mild in most cases, the virus can be more dangerous for certain populations, such as pregnant women, due to the risk of birth defects.

The main way to contract the Zika virus is through the bite of a mosquito belonging to the Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus species. These mosquitoes typically breed in still water and bite during the day. The virus enters the human body through the mosquito's saliva and can then spread throughout the bloodstream.

Besides being transmitted through mosquito bites, the Zika virus can also spread through:

• Sexual transmission

Transmission of the Zika virus to a sexual partner from an infected individual is possible, regardless of whether that person shows symptoms. This method of transmission has been recorded in multiple instances, highlighting the importance of practising safe sex in areas where Zika is prevalent.

• Mother-to-child transmission 

A woman who is pregnant and infected with the Zika virus has the potential to pass the virus to her child during pregnancy or near the time of delivery, which may result in significant birth abnormalities.

• Blood transfusion 

Though rare, there have been cases of the Zika virus being transmitted through blood transfusions.

Prevention is the best way to avoid Zika virus infection, especially if you are living in or travelling to regions where Zika is prevalent. Here are some effective strategies for preventing Zika virus transmission:

1. Avoid mosquito bites 

Since mosquitoes are the primary carriers, protecting yourself from bites is key. Apply insect repellents, dress in long sleeves, and rest beneath mosquito nets.

1. Eliminate still water

Mosquitoes reproduce in still water. To lessen their breeding sites, frequently empty any uncovered containers that hold water, like flower pots, buckets, and bird baths.

1. Use mosquito screens 

Make sure that screens are fixed on windows and doors to prevent mosquitoes from entering.

1. Travel precautions 

If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, it’s advisable to avoid travelling to areas with ongoing Zika virus outbreaks. Stay informed about travel warnings from international organisations.

1. Safe sex practices 

If you or your partner live in or have travelled to a Zika-affected area, use condoms or abstain from sexual activity for a specified period, as recommended by health authorities.

1. Regular health check-ups 

If you are pregnant and live in or have travelled to a Zika-affected area, consult your doctor for regular check-ups and possible testing for the virus.

Several factors increase the likelihood of contracting the Zika virus:

1. Travelling to Zika-endemic areas: Regions in South America, Central America, Southeast Asia, and Africa have reported outbreaks of the Zika virus.
2. Pregnancy: Expecting mothers face increased risks because the virus can lead to birth defects in infants, including microcephaly, which is characterised by an abnormally small head that can lead to brain developmental problems.
3. Unprotected sexual activity: Engaging in unprotected sex with someone who has recently travelled to or lives in a Zika-affected area can increase the risk of contracting the virus.

While the Zika virus can cause mild symptoms in most people, its potential impact on pregnant women and their babies makes it a health issue that should not be taken lightly. Understanding what the Zika virus is, recognising the symptoms, and taking preventive measures can greatly reduce the risk of infection. Although there is currently no cure for the Zika virus, prevention remains the most effective approach. By staying informed and following health guidelines, you can protect yourself and those around you from this mosquito-borne illness.

Currently, there is no specific cure for the Zika virus. Treatment is supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms such as fever, pain, and rash. Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers are recommended.

While no specific home remedies cure the Zika virus, staying hydrated, getting plenty of rest, and using natural mosquito repellents like citronella can help manage symptoms and reduce mosquito bites.

Most people experience mild symptoms such as fever, rash, and joint pain, which resolve on their own. However, pregnant women face the risk of passing the virus to their unborn child, which can cause birth defects.

There isn't a particular diet tailored for Zika virus infection; however, consuming a well-balanced diet that includes various vitamins and minerals can support immune function. It's essential to eat foods rich in antioxidants and drink plenty of water while recovering.

Besides causing birth defects such as microcephaly, the Zika virus is also associated with other neurological issues, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, which impacts the nervous system and can lead to temporary paralysis.