Genital Warts Making You Uncomfortable? Here’s All You Need to Know

India is home to around 511.4 million girls and women aged 15 and above who are at risk for cervical cancer, primarily due to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18. These types trigger 80% to 85% of cervical cancer cases in the nation, according to studies. 

It is high time that we discuss HPV, especially types 6 and 11, and how they can lead to itchy and uncomfortable conditions called genital warts. Just as people understand diabetes or blood pressure, learning about this common medical condition will prevent its spread and ensure timely treatment.

So, what exactly are genital warts?

Genital warts are usually small, flesh-coloured growths caused by certain strains of HPV, especially types 6 and 11. These can be thought of as unwanted guests that appear once the skin comes into contact with the virus. They can be painless but itchy and uncomfortable. However, research has shown that 80% of genital warts clear up on their own within 18 to 24 months, though medical intervention could speed up recovery.

Mapping the terrain: Where can genital warts appear?

Genital warts are caused by certain types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and can appear in multiple locations on the body. They are usually flesh-coloured and are spread through skin-to-skin contact, including sexual activity. Below are some of the common areas where genital warts may appear.

In females:

• Vulva: The most common site for genital warts in women.

• Cervix: Warts may appear internally, which often go unnoticed without medical examination.

• Vaginal walls: Growths may develop inside the vagina, contributing to discomfort or abnormal discharge.

• Urethral opening: In some cases, warts may be present near or within the urinary opening, causing irritation or urinary symptoms.

In males:

• Penis: Genital warts most frequently appear on the shaft and glans (head) of the penis.

• Scrotum: May also be affected, especially if there has been prolonged exposure to infected skin.

• Perianal skin: Warts may occur around the anus, even without direct anal exposure.

• Urethra (less common): Warts can sometimes be found inside the opening of the penis, which might cause urinary discomfort.

Who is at risk of genital warts?

The highest risk of genital warts is found in the 20-35 years age group; prevalence varies in India, with a very concerning range from 2.3% to 36.9% as per studies.

This statistic marks a critical public health challenge. The level of lack of awareness, especially in an otherwise sexually active population, underscores the need for comprehensive sexual health education and awareness campaigns across the country. This knowledge gap is a numerator-increasing number, and it also turns into a reminder to do things more effectively in public health communication and education.

The numbers game

Recent Indian health surveys indicate that 1.07% of sexually active adults will eventually develop genital warts. 

The burden is particularly high in urban areas, with Delhi reporting around 2.17% prevalence. The good news? Early detection leads to successful treatment in 80% of cases.

Behind the bumps: Understanding genital warts causes

Genital warts are primarily caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), with types 6 and 11 responsible for approximately 90% of cases. Sexual contact remains the most common mode of transmission. Studies have shown that consistent condom use can reduce the risk of acquiring genital warts by around 70%.

Genital warts can spread through:

• Intercourse, including anal, vaginal-penile, and vaginal-vaginal contact

• Genital touching (skin-to-skin contact without ejaculation)

• Giving oral sex to someone with HPV or genital warts

• Receiving oral sex from someone who has HPV or visible warts on the mouth, lips, or tongue

Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of contracting genital warts, such as having multiple sexual partners, engaging in sexual activity at an early age, or having a weakened immune system. In India, the stigma surrounding sexual health often leads to delayed medical attention, which may result in complications. Additionally, smoking is known to double the risk of developing genital warts by weakening the body’s natural defences. High stress levels and poor hygiene can also make individuals more susceptible to infection.

Other risk factors may be:

• Past sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

• Unprotected sexual contact

• Pregnancy (when hormonal levels can activate the disease)

• Personal hygiene practices

• Family history of HPV infections

Seeking symptoms

Genital warts usually appear 2-3 months after exposure, although their appearance may be delayed sometimes. Common genital warts symptoms include:

• Small, flesh-coloured pimples around the genital area

• Cauliflower-like clusters, which may be itchy

• Discomfort during sexual intercourse

• Occasional bleeding, especially after scratching

The most commonly affected areas for women include the vulva and cervix, while males experience the most warts in their penis and scrotal area. About 20% of such cases do not indicate this condition. 

Individuals usually feel a mild burning sensation, although most do not. Notable is that the condition usually becomes easily treatable provided it's detected at an early stage, with success rates usually at 85%.

How do genital warts progress over time?

Genital warts may persist for months or years without treatment. Scientific research has demonstrated that in 80% of cases, they will clear up spontaneously in 18 to 24 months as your body combats the infection. However, even if the warts disappear, the HPV virus remains within your body. In India, with traditional remedies used in addition to medical treatment, it is common for visible warts to disappear within 1 to 3 months. The recurrence rate, however, is running at about 25% for clients.

Hidden risks of genital warts

Untreated genital warts cause numerous complications, especially during pregnancy. Some conditions may include:

• Difficulty in childbirth because the warts may obstruct the birth canal

• Increased susceptibility to other STIs

• Psychological stress and tension in the relationship

• Warts can grow significantly large in some people and hurt

• In rare cases, a baby exposed to HPV during vaginal delivery may develop laryngeal papillomatosis, a condition where warts grow in the infant’s respiratory tract. Although this is uncommon, surgical delivery may be recommended to minimise this risk.

Perfecting prevention, naturally

Prevention is better than cure and here are some ways that may help in preventing genital warts: 

• Safe sex by consistent use of condoms

• Good personal hygiene

• Immunity-enhancing diet and exercise

Be smart about STIs

Understanding genital warts is the first step towards both treatment and prevention. Although common and curable, early detection yields the best results. Remember, regular follow-ups, dialogue with healthcare providers, and healthy sexual behaviours are your best defences. Most people have been able to overcome and prevent the recurrence of genital warts with appropriate care and attention.

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. Can genital warts affect pregnancy?

During pregnancy, hormonal changes can cause genital warts to grow larger and multiply faster. They may, in rare cases (about 1%), complicate vaginal delivery, though the risk of transmitting to the baby is very low. Regular check-ups are necessary, and your doctor might recommend treatment if warts obstruct the birth canal.

2. Are there genital warts that aren’t an STI?

Not all genital warts are sexually transmitted. Certain skin conditions, such as seborrhoeic keratosis or skin tags, can resemble warts but are not contagious. It's crucial to obtain an accurate medical diagnosis, as roughly 90% of genital warts are associated with HPV. 

3. How do you stop genital warts from spreading?

Avoid scratching or touching the warts. Consistently use condoms. The affected area should be kept clean and dry. Finish any prescribed treatments and counsel sexual partners. Remember that the virus spreads even when no warts are noticeable. 

4. What’s the difference between genital warts and herpes?

Genital warts are raised flesh-coloured bumps, but herpes is painful blistering, which may rupture and scab. Warts are seldom painful, and herpes is very painful. Herpes sores often heal within weeks, and untreated warts may be present for months.

5. Does having genital warts mean I have an STI?

Generally speaking, yes, warts indicate an STI — a condition known as HPV infection. Warts do not necessarily imply one is promiscuous or unclean. Millions suffer from the condition; if treated properly and with due care, it can be managed.