How Does Oestrogen Affect Women's Health?

Oestrogen performs the vital function of regulating the development and growth of the female reproductive system. A type of sex hormone, it also affects other facets of physical and mental health. It’s time to better understand the importance of this critical hormone. 

What is oestrogen?

For women to grow, reproduce, and maintain general health, the ovaries create a class of hormones called oestrogen. In addition to affecting breast growth and body fat distribution, it is crucial for controlling the menstrual cycle and prepping the uterus for pregnancy. 

Ostradiol, oestrone, and oestriol are the three primary forms of oestrogen. The ovaries mainly produce it, although the placenta and adipose tissue produce low levels during pregnancy. The levels of oestrogen fluctuate during every woman's lifetime. They peak during the reproductive years and start to decline following menopause. 

Types of oestrogen

Oestrogen is a key hormone group responsible for various functions in the female body, particularly in regulating the menstrual cycle, supporting pregnancy, and maintaining bone and heart health. There are three primary types of oestrogen: oestradiol, oestriol, and oestrone. 

• Oestradiol is the primary form of oestrogen produced before menopause, mainly by the ovaries. 

• Oestriol becomes the dominant type during pregnancy and is chiefly produced by the placenta. 

• Oestrone is the main form present after menopause, primarily synthesised by the adrenal glands and fatty tissue. 

Functions of oestrogen 

Oestrogen is a key hormone in the female body, responsible for a wide range of functions that go beyond reproduction. Some of the main functions of oestrogen include:

• Regulating the menstrual cycle: Oestrogen works alongside other hormones to prepare the uterus for possible pregnancy by thickening the endometrial lining.

• Supporting sexual and reproductive development: It promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast growth and the maturation of reproductive organs.

• Maintaining bone strength: Oestrogen helps in preserving bone density by reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

• Contributing to skin and hair health: It supports skin elasticity and hydration, as well as healthy hair growth.

• Affecting mood and brain function: Oestrogen interacts with brain chemicals like serotonin, influencing mood, memory, and cognitive function.

• Protecting the cardiovascular system: It helps maintain healthy blood vessels and may assist in managing cholesterol levels.

Oestrogen's effect on the female body

Oestrogen, a critical hormone, plays a significant role in the female body, impacting reproductive and general health. Let's look at oestrogen's effect on the female body:

• Menstrual cycle regulation

• Uterine development and foetal support

• Regulation of the uterine mucous membrane

• Epithelial mucosa cell proliferation in the vagina 

• Body fat distribution 

• Growth and appearance of secondary sexual features like breasts and pubic hair 

Oestrogen also plays a massive role in maintaining the lifespan of women, as imbalances in oestrogen levels can lead to health issues. 

High amounts can lead to acne, decreased libido, and a higher risk of breast and uterine cancer. 

Low oestrogen levels can contribute to weight gain, cardiovascular disease, and menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, mood changes, and vaginal dryness.

Remember, oestrogen levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle and decrease during menopause. Therefore, it is crucial to know these hormonal variations to understand women's health better.

Oestrogen's role in reproductive system development

Being a critical factor in the development of the female reproductive system, oestrogen is essential for the development and maturation of reproductive organs such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina, especially during puberty. 

Oestrogen has an essential role in controlling the menstrual cycle. To get ready for the possible implantation of a fertilised egg, it promotes the growth of the uterine lining. When fertilisation does not happen, oestrogen levels decrease. This results in the uterine lining shedding and the beginning of menstruation.

Oestrogen's influence on mood and cognition

Throughout their lives, women's moods, memory, and cognitive abilities are greatly influenced by oestrogen. Different menstrual cycle stages can cause mood swings, impatience, and concentration problems. 

Studies also suggest that oestrogen may offer a shield against diseases such as Alzheimer's and cognitive decline. It has been shown to improve cognitive function by supporting the growth and survival of brain cells, particularly in postmenopausal women.

Oestrogen and cardiovascular health

Premenopausal women have a lower risk of heart disease than men, as oestrogen is an essential factor in preserving cardiovascular health. It improves blood vessel dilatation, lowers inflammation, and improves lipoprotein profiles — all of which reduce the risk of heart disease.

But as oestrogen levels drop after menopause, the benefits of cardiovascular health become less significant. Women are more susceptible to cardiac disease, which is why postmenopausal women are recommended to adopt and keep up good lifestyle practices.

Sources of oestrogen

Oestrogen is naturally produced in the body, but it can also be obtained from external sources. These may be necessary or beneficial in certain stages of life, such as menopause, or in managing hormonal imbalances. Understanding where oestrogen comes from helps in maintaining hormonal health and making informed decisions about treatment options.

Natural sources within the body include:

• Ovaries – The primary source of oestrogen in premenopausal women, producing mainly oestradiol.

• Placenta – During pregnancy, the placenta becomes a major producer of oestriol.

• Adrenal glands – Small amounts of oestrogen are produced here, especially after menopause.

• Fatty tissue – Converts other hormones (such as androgens) into oestrogen, particularly important post menopause.

External sources of oestrogen (also known as exogenous oestrogen):

• Medications – Certain medications contain synthetic forms of oestrogen.

• Phytoestrogens – Plant-based compounds found in foods like soy, flaxseeds, chickpeas, and lentils have oestrogen-like effects.

Oestrogen and metabolism

Oestrogen is essential to maintain glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and energy expenditure. In addition to controlling fat storage, oestrogen is vital for blood glucose regulation, possibly lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes. Understanding how oestrogen affects metabolism enables us to comprehend its effects on metabolic health beyond its role in reproduction.

The complex connection between oestrogen and metabolism shows the hormone's varied functions in preserving women's metabolic balance and general health. 

The final word

One of the most critical hormones in the female body, oestrogen profoundly impacts many facets of growth, reproduction, and general health. It is in charge of maintaining metabolic and cardiovascular health, controlling the menstrual cycle, and developing secondary sexual traits.

An ideal hormonal balance must be maintained to support women's health and wellbeing. Healthy oestrogen levels can be supported by implementing behaviours, including eating a balanced diet, exercising frequently, and maintaining a healthy weight. However, if you are experiencing symptoms of hormonal imbalance, such as mood swings, hot flashes, or irregular periods, consult a physician immediately.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is oestrogen and why is it important for women?

Oestrogen is a key hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle, supports reproductive health, and influences many systems, including bones, skin, and the heart. It plays a crucial role throughout all stages of a woman's life.

2. How does oestrogen affect the menstrual cycle?

Oestrogen helps build up the uterine lining in the first half of the cycle and works with other hormones to trigger ovulation and maintain fertility.

3. Does oestrogen impact mood and mental health?

Yes, oestrogen influences brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine, which can affect mood, memory, and emotional stability.