Weak Immune System? Black Fungus Could Become Your Dark Friend

Having a robust immune system means that you are less vulnerable to contagious pathogens and don’t fall sick often. However, if that’s not the case, then you are left susceptible to various types of infections. One such infection is caused by black fungus or mucormycosis.

By June 8, 2021, India had reported 28,252 cases of mucormycosis, with 86.0% having a history of COVID-19 and 62.3% having a history of diabetes.

What is black fungus?

Black fungus, medically termed mucormycosis, is a rare fungal infection caused by mucormycetes — a type of mould found in nature. These fungi thrive in soil, decaying plants, and even indoor spaces with poor ventilation or excess moisture.  

The immune system easily wards off these fungi in a healthy person. However, in individuals with compromised immunity — whether due to chronic stress, poor nutrition, or underlying health conditions — these fungi may cause infections.

Symptoms you shouldn’t overlook

The incidence of black fungus infection in India is approximately 70 times greater than the global average.

Recognising symptoms early on ensures timely intervention. Symptoms may differ depending on the specific area involved, but they are usually mild in the early stages. Here's what to watch for:  

1. Sinus and nasal symptoms
Black fungus usually starts with mild sinus and nasal symptoms that can worsen if not addressed promptly. A stuffy or blocked nose, particularly on one side, is a common early sign. This may be accompanied by black or discoloured crusts inside the nose, which could indicate fungal presence. Additionally, individuals might experience facial pain or swelling, especially around the eyes or cheeks, signalling deeper involvement. 

2. Pulmonary (lung) symptoms
When black fungus affects the lungs, it can mimic common respiratory conditions. Pulmonary symptoms include a persistent cough that doesn’t improve, chest pain that may feel sharp or dull, and shortness of breath, even during routine activities. Fever often accompanies these symptoms, signalling an infection. These signs are particularly important to watch out for in individuals with preexisting lung issues or weakened immune systems, as early detection can lead to better outcomes.

3. Skin symptoms
Black fungi can also manifest through skin symptoms, often starting at the site of a wound or injury. You may notice localised redness, swelling, or pain that persists. In some cases, blisters may form and gradually turn black or dark in colour. Additionally, wounds infected by black fungus tend to heal slowly, even with basic care. These symptoms highlight the importance of monitoring any unusual changes in your skin, especially after a cut, burn, or trauma.

4. Other general symptoms
Black fungi can also present with general symptoms that may seem unrelated at first. These include blurry or double vision, which could indicate the infection is spreading to the eyes or brain. Fever and persistent fatigue are common as the body tries to fight off the infection. Additionally, recurring headaches might occur, signalling deeper involvement, especially in the sinuses or brain. Paying attention to these broader signs can help in early diagnosis and timely medical attention.

These symptoms may overlap with common conditions, so it’s essential not to self-diagnose. Should you observe any ongoing or unusual changes, please consult a healthcare professional.

How did I get black fungus in the first place?

Susceptibility to fungal infections, especially black fungus, can be triggered by several factors. Common causes include:  

1. Compromised immunity 

Prolonged stress, poor sleep patterns, and unbalanced diets can weaken your immune system, making you more vulnerable to infections.  

2. Chronic conditions 

Diabetes, particularly when uncontrolled, increases the risk of mucormycosis. Elevated blood sugar creates an environment conducive to fungal growth.  

3. Prolonged use of steroids or antibiotics

While life-saving, these medications can suppress your immune system when used excessively or without medical guidance.  

4. Environmental factors  

Damp, poorly ventilated spaces — common in urban living — are breeding grounds for fungi. Regular exposure can heighten your risk.

You are more likely to get a black fungal infection if…

Certain groups of people are more prone to developing mucormycosis. These include:  

• Individuals recovering from COVID-19, especially those treated with steroids  
• People with uncontrolled diabetes  
• Patients undergoing cancer treatment or organ transplants  
• Those with a history of prolonged ICU stays  

Incorporating habits that strengthen immunity, like balanced nutrition and stress management, can reduce these risks significantly.

What are the types of black fungus?

Depending on the affected area, mucormycosis can manifest in different ways:  

1. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis

This type of mucormycosis primarily affects the sinuses and the brain. This is the most prevalent and serious type of infection, frequently observed in people who have weakened immune systems, including individuals with diabetes, cancer, or those who have undergone organ transplants. It starts in the nasal cavity, where the fungus spreads through the sinuses and can extend to the eyes, brain, and surrounding structures. Symptoms can include facial pain, nasal congestion, blackened or bloody discharge from the nose, and swelling around the eyes. If not addressed, it can result in serious complications such as vision loss, brain damage, and potentially death.

2. Pulmonary mucormycosis  

Pulmonary mucormycosis primarily affects the lungs, making it more common in individuals with weakened respiratory systems or underlying lung conditions. It can be triggered by inhaling fungal spores that lodge in the lungs. The symptoms frequently resemble those of various respiratory infections, including a continuous cough, chest discomfort, fever, and difficulty breathing. In more serious instances, it may result in lung tissue damage and sepsis. Those with conditions like tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or weakened immune defences are particularly at risk.

3. Cutaneous mucormycosis

Cutaneous mucormycosis affects the skin, typically after a wound, burn, or surgical incision becomes infected with the fungus. The fungus enters through broken skin and can cause redness, swelling, and ulceration. Blisters may develop and eventually turn black as the infection spreads, signalling tissue death. While this form of mucormycosis is less common than rhinocerebral and pulmonary forms, it can still be severe, particularly in those with diabetes or immunosuppressed states.

4. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis  

Gastrointestinal mucormycosis affects the digestive tract, though it is relatively rare. This form of infection typically occurs in individuals who have undergone abdominal surgery, have a weakened immune system, or suffer from malnutrition. ​​Symptoms may include abdominal discomfort, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In more serious instances, it can result in intestinal perforation or sepsis. Although rare, it requires immediate medical attention.

5. Disseminated mucormycosis  

Disseminated mucormycosis represents the most serious type of this infection, in which it propagates from the original site to various organs across the body, including the lungs, kidneys, brain, and heart. This severe form is typically observed in individuals with significantly compromised immune systems, like those with uncontrolled diabetes, leukaemia, or those who are immunocompromised due to conditions like HIV or cancer treatment.

The infection often causes rapid deterioration, with symptoms including fever, widespread tissue necrosis, organ failure, and sepsis. Disseminated mucormycosis requires aggressive treatment.

These different forms of mucormycosis highlight how the infection can manifest in different parts of the body, depending on the entry point of the fungus and the individual’s health condition. Early detection and treatment are vital for you to manage the infection and prevent severe complications.

How can I protect myself against black fungus?

Adopting healthy habits and improving your surroundings can significantly reduce the risk of infection:  

1. Strengthen your immune system 

• Prioritise whole foods like fruits, vegetables, and probiotics  
• Practise stress management through mindfulness or yoga  
• Stay active with regular exercise  

2. Maintain good hygiene

• Keep your living spaces well-ventilated and clean  
• Avoid prolonged exposure to damp or dusty environments  

3. Monitor chronic conditions  

• Manage diabetes and other underlying health issues effectively  
• Limit the use of certain medications unless prescribed by a doctor  

4. Boost respiratory care

• Use clean, filtered air in your home or workplace  
• Wear masks in areas with high exposure to dust or moisture  

H2: When should I visit a doctor?

While most symptoms might overlap with other conditions, you should seek medical advice if:  

• Symptoms persist despite basic care  
• You notice unusual skin discolouration or swelling  
• You have a medical history of conditions like diabetes or are recovering from an illness like COVID-19  

Early consultation ensures timely treatment, minimising complications. 

It’s not all dark and gloom

Black fungus infection, though serious, is manageable with awareness and timely intervention. Our busy, urban lifestyles might add challenges, but with small adjustments like improving our indoor spaces and prioritising self-care, the risks can be mitigated.  

Modern health isn’t just about treating diseases; it’s about creating a lifestyle that prevents them. Stay informed, stay proactive, and keep your well-being in focus. 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the early signs of black fungus?

Early signs include nasal congestion, facial swelling, and headaches. For respiratory infections, persistent cough and chest pain are common.  

2. What are the symptoms to look out for?

Symptoms depend on the affected area but may include nasal discharge, skin discolouration, and fever. 

3. Is black fungus contagious? What are the risk factors involved?

No, it is not contagious. Risk factors include compromised immunity, uncontrolled diabetes, and exposure to damp environments.  

4. How is mucormycosis diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging tests, and laboratory tests.  

5. Is black fungal disease (mucormycosis) deadly?

It can be severe if untreated, especially in high-risk individuals. Early detection and treatment improve outcomes significantly.