Small Changes, Big Wins: What You Need to Know on Pancreatic Cancer

The pancreas may not be the first organ that comes to mind when you think about your health, but it’s absolutely vital to how your body functions. Located behind the stomach, it helps regulate blood sugar and aids in digestion, making it essential for overall well-being. However, pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer, often going unnoticed until it’s too late. While the disease is a daunting diagnosis, you can take action to minimise risk. This article will walk you through everything you need to know about pancreatic cancer, from its symptoms to the lifestyle changes that can help protect your pancreas.

This small, flat organ called the “pancreas” is located behind the stomach and is crucial for digestion and blood sugar regulation. The pancreas creates digestive enzymes to break down complex proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules that the small intestine can absorb. These enzymes are extremely important for proper digestion and nutrient absorption. Blood sugar-regulating hormones like glucagon and insulin are also produced by the pancreas. When blood sugar is low, glucagon signals the liver to release glucose, raising blood sugar levels. Meanwhile, insulin helps cells absorb glucose, keeping blood sugar levels balanced.

Pancreatic cancer develops in the tissues of the pancreas. In India, the occurrence of this form of cancer is comparatively low, ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 cases per 100,000 men annually and 0.5 to 2.4 cases per 100,000 women.

Research suggests that certain lifestyle factors — such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a diet high in red meat — can lead to genetic changes that disrupt pancreatic function, potentially contributing to the development of pancreatic cancer.

Most people with pancreatic cancer don't show any symptoms until the disease has advanced, making treatment more challenging. Only about 20% of patients are diagnosed early enough for surgery to remove the tumour as part of their initial treatment. Several factors contribute to this:

• Vague symptoms: Early signs of pancreatic cancer, such as indigestion, back pain, or unexplained weight loss, can be easily mistaken for less serious conditions.
• Deep location: The pancreas is situated deep within the abdomen, making it difficult to detect abnormalities through physical examination or imaging tests in the early stages.
• Lack of specific markers: Currently, there are no reliable blood tests or other biomarkers that can definitively diagnose pancreatic cancer in its early stages.
• Limited screening: Unfortunately, there are no widely recommended screening tests for pancreatic cancer, particularly for individuals without risk factors.

These factors combined often lead to a delayed diagnosis, which can significantly impact treatment options and prognosis.

If you're experiencing any of the following symptoms,  it’s always a good idea to check in with your doctor for some peace of mind:

• Abdominal discomfort: You might feel a dull ache in your upper abdomen or back.
• Unexpected weight loss: If you're shedding pounds without trying, it's worth getting checked out.
• Jaundice: A yellowing of the skin or eyes, along with darker urine or lighter stools, could be a sign of something to investigate.
• Loss of appetite: If you're finding it harder to eat or just don't feel as hungry, it could be worth talking to your doctor.
• Feeling unusually tired: Ongoing fatigue or weakness that doesn't seem to go away is something to take note of.
• Nausea or vomiting: These digestive upsets can be caused by various factors, including issues with the pancreas.  

Pancreatic cancer can develop when cells in the pancreas begin to grow and divide uncontrollably, often due to genetic mutations or environmental factors that disrupt normal cell function. These mutations can either be inherited or acquired over time. Several factors have been linked to an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer:

• Smoking
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Age
• Family history of pancreatic cancer or other cancers
• Diet (particularly a diet high in processed foods or red meat)
• Chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)

It's important to note that these are risk factors, and not everyone with these factors will develop pancreatic cancer.

The stages of pancreatic cancer are typically determined by the size of the tumour, whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs, and the overall health of the patient. Here's a brief overview of the stages:

Stage I: The tumour is confined to the pancreas and has not spread to other areas.

Stage II: The tumour has spread to nearby lymph nodes and possibly other nearby organs.

Stage III: The tumour has extended beyond the pancreas, affecting nearby major blood vessels.

Stage IV: The tumour has spread to distant organs, such as the liver, lungs, or bones.

Recent reviews published in 2024 have divided pancreatic cancer risk factors into two groups: modifiable risk factors and non-modifiable risk factors.

Non-modifiable risk factors are those that cannot be changed. These include:

• Age: The risk of pancreatic cancer increases with age.
• Family history of cancer: Having a parent, sibling, or child with cancer, particularly pancreatic cancer, increases the risk.
• Genetics: Certain inherited genetic syndromes, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and Lynch syndrome, can predispose individuals to pancreatic cancer.
• Ethnicity: Some ethnic groups, such as African Americans and Hispanics, have a higher risk compared to Caucasians.
• Gender: Studies suggest that men are slightly more likely to develop pancreatic cancer than women.

Modifiable risk factors are lifestyle or environmental factors that can be changed to minimise the risk of pancreatic cancer. These include:

• Smoking: Smoking can elevate the risk of pancreatic cancer significantly.
• Diet and exercise: Maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise can lower risk.
• Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol intake increases risk.
• Exposure to harmful substances: Industrial chemicals like asbestos and pesticides can elevate risk.
• Chronic pancreatitis: Prolonged inflammation of the pancreas can elevate the risk of pancreatic cancer.

Taking charge of your health can make a world of difference, and tackling modifiable risk factors is a great place to start. By making small lifestyle changes, you’re not just lowering your risk of pancreatic cancer — you’re boosting your overall well-being. Think about it: quitting smoking, staying active, and eating a balanced diet can help you feel better every day while also reducing your chances of other serious issues like heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. It’s all connected!

And while there’s no surefire way to prevent pancreatic cancer, adopting healthier habits can stack the odds in your favour. It’s empowering to know that these simple changes are within your control and could make a significant difference in your long-term health.

Modifiable risk factors are crucial for many types of cancer, but they hold particular importance when it comes to pancreatic cancer. Why? Because this type of cancer is often caught late — when treatment options are more limited and less effective. Focusing on what you can change might lower your risk and increase the chances of early detection. 

Here are some smart strategies to reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer:

• Say goodbye to smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor, but quitting can dramatically cut your risk.
• Keep a healthy weight: Obesity is linked to pancreatic cancer, so aim for a balanced diet and regular exercise to maintain your ideal weight.
• Eat smarter: Fill your plate with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Try to limit red meat and processed foods.
• Get moving: Stay active with at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most days.
• Manage diabetes: If you have diabetes, work with your doctor to keep it under control.
• Drink mindfully: Limit alcohol intake, as excessive consumption can increase your risk.
• Know your family history: If there's a family history of pancreatic cancer, it's important to discuss your potential risks with your doctor.
• Stay proactive with check-ups: Regular doctor visits can help catch any concerns early, especially if you have known risk factors.

Remember, these are general guidelines, and individual risk factors may vary. It's always best to consult with your healthcare provider for personalised advice.

Pancreatic cancer remains a challenging disease, but there’s hope in prevention, awareness, and early action. By being aware of the risk factors and making proactive lifestyle changes, we can significantly reduce the chances of developing this condition. Empowering yourself with knowledge and seeking timely medical advice can make a real difference — not just for pancreatic health but for your overall well-being. Every step counts! 

The typical life expectancy for someone diagnosed with pancreatic cancer varies depending on several factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis and the effectiveness of the treatment.

Signs that pancreas cancer has spread may include weight loss, jaundice, pain in the upper abdomen or back, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, and fever.

Pancreatic cancer is deadly due to its late diagnosis, rapid progression, limited treatment options, resistance to treatment, and involvement of vital organs.

Pancreatic cancer begins with abnormal cell growth in the pancreas. These cells multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumour that can spread. The exact cause is unclear, but it involves genetic and environmental factors.

Yes, advancements in treatment have improved outcomes for some patients. There is hope for improved outcomes, and many patients are living longer and better lives.